Than%20that%20of%20FG%20(60.0%20?21.9%20mmHg).%204-(Thiophen-2-yl)pyridin-3-amine4-(Thiophen-2-yl)pyridin-3-amine At Day 7, no statistical difference was observed between the FG group (71.2 ?18.6 mmHg) and the Progel group (88.8 ?11.7 mmHg). In this study, Progel was found to have effective sealing properties after a single application in preventing air leakage in pulmonary surgery and was significantly superior to FG in the rat model [12]. In addition, histological examination of the lung tissue showed that in the Progel-treated animals, a homogeneous thin film was observed on the surface of the lung and that the adhesion was strong enough to withstand the lung inflation. At 3 days postsurgery, Progel seals were still intact and adhered well to the lung surface. No cell infiltration of the lung tissue was observed and the tissue response at the adhered surface was very mild and localized. At 7 days post-surgery, Progel could not be seen on the Methyl 3-fluoro-2-thiophenecarboxylate lung surface and infiltrates of various kinds of cells were observed at the site of original application. Macrophages and giant cells were observed at the site, and capillary invasion was also observed. At 14 days post-surgery at the incision site, there was no evidence of any adverse tissue reaction and a thin homogeneous film of Progel was observed on the surface of the lung with uniformly strong adhesion [12].Clinical studiesFigure 1 Progel surgical sealant applicator.The clinical safety and efficacy of Progel in sealing intraoperative alveolar air leaks during pulmonary resection was evaluated in a multicenter, prospective randomized,Fuller Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 2013, 8:90 http://www.cardiothoracicsurgery.org/content/8/1/Page 3 ofFigure 2 Chemistry of starting materials and albumin-based hydrogel sealant (ABHS). [Adapted with permission from Kobayashi J Biomed Mater Res. 2001]controlled, clinical trial [16]. In this pivotal trial, the investigators demonstrated that Progel significantly reduced the number of patients who had a postoperative air leak and reduced the period of postoperative hospitalization following pulmonary resection. Patients 18 years or older, who were scheduled for an open lung resection (lobectomy, bilobectomy, segmentectomy, wedge resection, or decortication), were evaluated PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8627573 for entry into the study. Patients had to have at least one significant intraoperative air leak (bubble size 2.0 mm in diameter) atthe completion of the pulmonary resection for study inclusion. The primary clinical efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients who were air leak free following surgery through the 1-month follow-up period or duration of hospitalization, whichever was longer. The presence of air leaks during hospitalization was monitored by daily observation of the water seal chamber. Secondary efficacy endpoints included: the proportion of intra-operative air leaks in each group that were sealed or reduced; the proportionFuller Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 2013, 8:90 http://www.cardiothoracicsurgery.org/content/8/1/Page 4 ofof patients that were free of air leaks immediately following surgery in the recovery room; the duration of PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16883776 postoperative air leak; chest tube duration; and the length of hospital stay. The incidence of adverse events related to the sealant that were reported during hospitalization and through the 1-month follow-up was the primary safety endpoint. In addition, changes in cellular and humoral immune response were monitored in both groups. One hundred and forty-eight patients with significant intraoperative air leaks complete.